Key Takeaways
- Hammertoe is a toe deformity that occurs when the muscles and tendons become imbalanced, causing the toe to bend downward at the middle joint.
- Early signs include toe stiffness, pain when wearing shoes, and corns or calluses caused by friction.
- Non-surgical treatments, such as orthotics, footwear adjustments, and targeted exercises, can help relieve pain and slow progression.
- Severe hammertoe may require surgical correction when conservative care is no longer effective.
- Wearing supportive shoes, avoiding tight or narrow footwear, and maintaining proper foot mechanics can help prevent hammertoe.
- OAA Orthopaedic Specialists provides expert podiatry and foot & ankle care in Allentown, Lehighton, New Tripoli, and surrounding areas. Schedule an appointment today for personalized hammertoe treatment.
What Is Hammertoe?
Hammertoe is a common toe deformity in which one or more toes bend downward at the middle joint, creating a hammer-like shape. This typically affects the second, third, or fourth toes. Over time, the abnormal bend can stiffen, leading to pain, irritation, difficulty fitting into shoes, and increased pressure on other parts of the foot.
How Hammertoe Develops
Hammertoe forms when there is an imbalance between the muscles, tendons, and ligaments that control toe movement. When one group of muscles becomes too tight or weak, it pulls the toe into a bent position. If left untreated, the deformity may progress from flexible (able to be straightened manually) to rigid (unable to be moved without pain).
Common Causes of Hammertoe
Understanding what causes hammertoe can help with both prevention and early treatment. Contributing factors include:
- Footwear: Tight shoes, high heels, or shoes with a narrow toe box can force the toes into cramped positions.
- Genetics: Inherited foot structures—such as flat feet or high arches—may increase risk.
- Trauma: Injuries to the toe can disrupt normal tendon balance.
- Arthritis: Joint inflammation or degeneration can contribute to deformity.
- Toe length: Having a second toe longer than the big toe increases pressure inside shoes.
OAA Orthopaedic Specialists identifies hammertoe as one of the toe deformities commonly treated by their board-certified podiatrists.
Early Symptoms and Signs to Watch For
Recognizing hammertoe early is essential for preventing progression and discomfort. Common symptoms include:
- A visible bend in the middle joint of the toe
- Pain when standing, walking, or wearing shoes
- Corns or calluses on the top or tip of the toe from rubbing
- Redness, swelling, or irritation around the affected joint
- Toe stiffness or inability to fully straighten the toe
- Difficulty finding comfortable footwear
When symptoms start to impact mobility or daily routines, it is important to seek evaluation from a foot and ankle specialist. OAA’s podiatrists are extensively trained to diagnose and treat toe deformities of all types.
Non-Surgical Hammertoe Treatment Options
Many people search for hammertoe pain relief without surgery, and in the early stages, conservative treatments are often effective. OAA Orthopaedic Specialists builds individualized treatment plans based on your foot structure, symptoms, and lifestyle.
1. Footwear Modifications
Supportive, properly fitting shoes play a major role in easing pressure on the toes. Look for:
- Wide toe boxes
- Low heels
- Soft, flexible uppers
- Cushioned soles
Avoid shoes that squeeze or crowd the toes, as they can worsen the deformity.
2. Orthotics and Inserts
Custom or medical-grade orthotics help realign the foot and reduce pressure on the toes. Orthotics are particularly beneficial for individuals whose hammertoe is caused by flatfoot, tendon imbalance, or improper weight distribution. OAA’s podiatry team regularly prescribes and fits orthotic devices to support long-term foot health.
3. Padding and Protective Devices
Toe pads, cushions, or sleeves can reduce friction from shoes and ease discomfort from corns or calluses.
4. Strengthening and Stretching Exercises
Exercises can help maintain flexibility and strengthen the muscles that stabilize the toes. Examples include:
- Towel curls: Use your toes to scrunch a towel toward you.
- Marble pickups: Strengthens intrinsic foot muscles.
- Toe stretches: Gently stretch the bent toe to maintain flexibility.
- Calf stretches: Tight calf muscles can contribute to foot instability.
These exercises may not reverse the deformity, but can slow progression and reduce symptoms.
5. Callus and Corn Management
Because hammertoes often create pressure points, corns and calluses may form. A podiatrist can safely debride these areas to reduce pain—something that should not be attempted at home due to risks of infection or injury.
Surgical Options for Severe Hammertoe
When hammertoe becomes rigid or non-surgical treatments fail to provide relief, surgery may be recommended. According to OAA Orthopaedic Specialists, many toe deformities—including hammertoe—can be treated through foot and ankle surgery when conservative options are no longer effective.
Common surgical techniques include:
1. Tendon Release
Releasing or lengthening tight tendons helps straighten the toe and reduce tension.
2. Joint Resection
A small portion of bone is removed from the affected joint to improve alignment and allow the toe to lie flat.
3. Joint Fusion (Arthrodesis)
The toe joint is fused into a straightened position, providing stability and preventing the deformity from returning.
4. Pin or Implant Fixation
Temporary or permanent implants may be used to hold the toe in proper alignment during healing.
Surgery is typically performed on an outpatient basis, and recovery varies depending on the procedure. A specialist at OAA can help determine the best approach based on your symptoms and the severity of your deformity.
Tips for Preventing Hammertoe
While some causes of hammertoe are unavoidable, simple habits can reduce your risk and protect your feet:
- Choose shoes with ample toe room and supportive soles.
- Avoid high heels or shoes with narrow toe boxes.
- Stretch your feet and toes regularly.
- Use orthotics if you have flat feet or other biomechanical issues.
- Address foot pain early—do not ignore persistent symptoms.
Healthy foot mechanics and proper footwear are key to preventing hammertoe progression.
When to See a Specialist
If hammertoe pain interferes with walking, wearing shoes, or daily activities, it is time to be evaluated by a podiatrist. OAA Orthopaedic Specialists offers comprehensive treatment for toe deformities, including hammertoe, at locations across the Lehigh Valley. Their board-certified podiatrists provide personalized care to minimize pain and restore optimal function.
Expert Hammertoe Care in Allentown, PA
Hammertoe can be a frustrating condition, but early recognition and proper treatment can significantly improve foot comfort and mobility. OAA Orthopaedic Specialists offers non-surgical and surgical solutions tailored to your needs, helping you return to an active, pain-free lifestyle.
To receive personalized hammertoe treatment from a board-certified podiatrist, schedule an appointment with OAA Orthopaedic Specialists. Their Foot & Ankle and Podiatry teams provide expert care for toe deformities, foot pain, and related conditions.
Schedule your visit today to get back on your feet confidently.
Frequently Asked Questions
What are hammer toes?
Hammer toes are toe deformities where one or more toes bend downward at the middle joint due to muscle and tendon imbalance. Over time, they can become rigid and painful.
What causes hammertoe to develop?
Common causes include tight or narrow footwear, genetic foot structure, trauma, arthritis, and muscular imbalance. These factors disrupt normal toe alignment and pull the toe into a bent position.
Can hammertoe be treated without surgery?
Yes. In the early stages, hammertoe can often be managed with footwear changes, orthotics, exercises, and padding to reduce discomfort. OAA specialists offer conservative treatment plans tailored to each patient.
When is surgery needed for hammertoe?
Surgery is recommended when the toe becomes rigid, when pain persists despite conservative care, or when the deformity significantly affects mobility. OAA’s foot and ankle surgeons provide several effective surgical options.
Do orthotics help with hammertoe pain?
Orthotics can improve foot alignment, reduce pressure on the toes, and prevent progression of the deformity. OAA’s podiatrists frequently prescribe custom orthotics as part of a comprehensive treatment plan.
